Open Access Directory - User contributions [en]

Timeline before 2000

2015-06-26T16:41:05Z

Andrasholl: /* 1994 */

[[File:oad2.jpeg|60px]] This list is part of the [http://oad.simmons.edu Open Access Directory].

* This is a section within the larger [[Timeline|Timeline of the open access movement]].
* For reference, the timeline includes a small number of entries on the early history of the internet and world wide web, to show how quickly scholars moved to take advantage of the new medium. The dates for these entries are in a '''green font'''.

----

{| align="right"
| __TOC__
|}

==Before 1990==
* '''1966'''. [http://www.eric.ed.gov/ Educational Resources Information Center] (ERIC) launched by the U.S. Department of Education's [http://www.ed.gov/offices/OERI/ Office of Educational Research and Improvement] and the [http://www.ed.gov/NLE/ National Library of Education].

* '''1966'''. [http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/guide.htm#medline Medline] launched by the [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/ National Library of Medicine] (but not free until [#1997 1997]).

* '''April 7, 1969'''. First [http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/ Request for Comments] (RFC) published by Steve Crocker, triggering a long series of free online documents on the development of the internet. See [http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2555.html these details] on the history of RFCs.

* '''August 30, 1969'''. Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) launched by the U.S. Department of Defense. It ceased operation in 1990. See [http://www.dei.isep.ipp.pt/docs/arpa.html these details] on ARPANET's history.

* '''1970'''. The U.S. [http://www.nal.usda.gov/ National Agriculture Library] launched [http://agricola.nal.usda.gov/ Agricola] (AGRICultural OnLine Access).

* '''July 4, 1971'''. [http://www.gutenberg.net/ Project Gutenberg] launched by Michael Hart.

* '''Late 1971'''. [http://openmap.bbn.com/~tomlinso/ray/firstemailmain.html Ray Tomlinson sent the first networked email]. After the initial test messages, the first message announced the existence of network email. Email-based discussion lists emerged soon after, though I can't tell when. See [http://www.livinginternet.com/l/li.htm these details] on the history of email discussion lists.

* '''1974'''. The libraries of the [http://www.slac.stanford.edu/ Stanford Linear Accelerator Center] (SLAC) and [http://www.desy.de/ Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron] (DESY) began electronic cataloging of preprint literature in physics. Their catalog soon joined the [http://www.slac.stanford.edu/spires/find/hep/www?r=slac-0393 Stanford Physics [later Public] Information Retrieval System] (SPIRES) High Energy Physics (HEP) online database. See [http://library.cern.ch/HEPLW/6/papers/3/ these details] on SPIRES HEP's history.

* '''1979'''. [http://groups.google.com/ USENET] launched by Tom Truscott, Jim Ellis, Steve Bellovin, and Steve Daniel. See [http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue3_7/chapter2/ these details] on USENET's history.

* '''1981'''. [http://www.ja.net/ Joint Academic Network] (JANET) launched by [http://www.jisc.ac.uk/ JISC].

* '''May 5, 1981'''. Because It's Time Network (BITNET) launched with a link between Yale and the City University of New York. See [http://nethistory.dumbentia.com/archive.html these details] on BITNET's history.

* '''January 1, 1983'''. ARPANET switched from the NCP protocol to TCP/IP, marking what many consider to be the birth of the internet. See [http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc801.html these details] on the planning for this transition.

* '''September 21, 1985'''. Ronald Reagan's White House issued National Security Decision Directive 189: [http://export.stanford.edu/documents/NSDD_000.pdf National Policy On The Transfer Of Scientific, Technical And Engineering Information], holding (inter alia) that "[i]t is the policy of this Administration that, to the maximum extent possible, the products of fundamental research remain unrestricted."

* '''July 1987'''. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/ Perseus Project] launched on CD's (not free until it moved to the web in [#1994 1994]).

* '''Fall 1987'''. [http://www.nova.edu/~aed/newhorizons.html New Horizons in Adult Education] launched by the Syracuse University Kellogg Project. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.) See [http://info.lib.uh.edu/pr/v2/n1/hugo.2n1 these details] on NHAE's history.

* '''November 1987'''. The [http://www.tei-c.org/ Text Encoding Initiative] (TEI) was launched by a group of humanities scholars, librarians, and computer scientists at a meeting at Vassar College. See [http://ninetta.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewPDF.jsp?Filename=html/Output/Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Pdf/1640210107.pdf these details] on the history of TEI.

* '''1989'''. [http://www.lib.unc.edu/prices/ Newsletter on Serials Pricing Issues] launched. See [http://info.lib.uh.edu/pr/v2/n1/tuttle.2n1 these details] on NSPI's history.

* '''1989'''. [http://psycprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/ Psycoloquy] launched by Stevan Harnad. (An early free online journal that became peer-reviewed on January 28, 1990.) Psycoloquy is sponsored but not published by the [http://www.apa.org/ American Psychological Association].

* '''June 1989'''. Eddy van der Maarel and most of his editorial board resigned from ''Vegetatio'' in order to launch the ''Journal of Vegetation Science''. See [[Journal declarations of independence]].

* '''August 16, 1989'''. [http://info.lib.uh.edu/pr/pacsrev.html The Public-Access Computer Systems Review] launched by Charles W. Bailey, Jr. (An early free online journal with a peer-reviewed section starting in April 1992.)

==1990==
* '''1990'''. [http://www.lights.ca/hytelnet/ Hytelnet] launched by Peter Scott. (The first online hypertext internet directory, noted especially for its links to network-accessible library catalogues.)

* '''September 21, 1990'''. [http://www.cios.org/www/ejcmain.htm Electronic Journal of Communication] launched. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.) See [http://info.lib.uh.edu/pr/v2/n1/harrison.2n1 these details] on EJC's history.

* '''September 30, 1990'''. [http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/pmc/contents.all.html Postmodern Culture] launched by Eyal Amiran, Greg Dawes, Elaine Orr, and John Unsworth. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.) See [http://info.lib.uh.edu/pr/v2/n1/amiran.2n1 these details] on PMC's history.

* '''October 1990'''. Tim Berners-Lee wrote first web client and server (released March 1991). On November 12, 1990, [http://www.w3.org/Proposal Berners-Lee published WorldWideWeb: Proposal for a HyperText Project], and on November 13, 1990, he wrote the [http://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html first web page].

* '''November 1990'''. [http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/ Bryn Mawr Classical Review] launched. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.) See [http://www.pum.umontreal.ca/revues/surfaces/vol4/odonnel.html these details] on BMCR's history.

==1991==

* '''1991'''. Gopher launched by Paul Lindner and Mark McCahill.

* '''1991'''. [http://www.pum.umontreal.ca/revues/surfaces/home.html Surfaces] launched by Jean-Claude Guèdon. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.)

* '''February 4, 1991'''. [http://www.bbsonline.org/ Behavioral and Brain Sciences] (not an open-access journal) launched an [http://groups.google.ca/groups?selm=9102041646.AA05293@psycho.Princeton.EDU&output=gplain open-access FTP Preprints archive] containing accepted papers but not their accompanying commentaries and responses. This became an [http://www.bbsonline.org/Preprints/OldArchive/ open-access web archive] in 1993 and an OAI-compliant eprint archive, [http://www.bbsonline.org/bbsprints.html BBSPrints], in 1999.

* '''April 1991'''. [http://www.ucalgary.ca/ejournal/ EJournal] launched by Edward M. Jennings. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.) See [http://info.lib.uh.edu/pr/v2/n1/jennings.2n1 these details] on EJ's history.

* '''May 17, 1991'''. World Wide Web standard released by [http://www.cern.ch/ CERN] and Tim Berners-Lee.

* '''July 2, 1991'''. Allan Bromley enunciated what are now known as the [http://www.gcrio.org/USGCRP/DataPolicy.html "Bromley Principles" Regarding Full and Open Access to "Global Change" Data] in [http://www.gcrio.org/USGCRP/DataPolicy.html Policy Statements on Data Management for Global Change Research], U.S. Office of Science and Technology Policy, July 2, 2001.

* '''July 10, 1991'''. The Mathematical Physics Preprint Archive or [http://www.ma.utexas.edu/mp_arc mp_arc] was launched by H. Koch, R. de la Llave, and C. Radin at the University of Texas at Austin.

==1992==

* '''1992'''. [http://www.cnri.reston.va.us/home/cstr.html Computer Science Technical Reports] (CS-TR) launched. The project ended in 1996. See [http://www.cnri.reston.va.us/describe.html these details] on CS-TR's history.

* '''1992'''. [http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/IT94/Proceedings/BioChem/epstein/WWW_entrez.html#history Entrez] launched by the [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ National Center for Biotechnology Information] (on CD's, not free until [#1993 1993]).

* '''1992'''. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genbank/index.html GenBank] launched by the [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ National Center for Biotechnology Information].

* '''1992'''. [http://www.ibiblio.org/ Ibiblio] launched, originally as the SunSite repository of public domain source code. It adopted its current name in September 2000.

* '''March 1992'''. The [http://www3.oup.co.uk/igpl/ Logic Journal of the IGPL] launched by the Interest Group in Pure and Applied Logics. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.)

* '''April 27, 1992'''. First Symposium on Scholarly Publishing on the Electronic Networks: Visions and Opportunities in Not-for-Profit Publishing [no web site], sponsored by the [http://www.arl.org/ Association of Research Libraries] and the [http://aaupnet.org/ Association of American University Presses].

* '''December 5-8, 1992'''. [http://www.arl.org/scomm/symp2/1992.frontmatter.html Second Symposium on Scholarly Publishing on the Electronic Networks: Visions and Opportunities in Not-for-Profit Publishing], sponsored by the [http://www.arl.org/ Association of Research Libraries] and the [http://aaupnet.org/ Association of American University Presses].

* '''December 13, 1992'''. [http://www.lysator.liu.se/runeberg/ Project Runeberg] launched by Sweden's [http://www.liu.se/ Linköping University].

==1993==

* '''1993'''. The [http://coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/ASEDA/ Aboriginal Studies Electronic Data Archive] (ASEDA) was launched on gopher by the [http://www.aiatsis.gov.au/ Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies]. A web edition appeared in 1994.

* '''1993'''. Bioline Publications was launched by Biostrategy Associates in partnership with Brazil's [http://www.cria.org.br/ Reference Center on Environmental Information]. In 2000 management was transferred to the [http://www.library.utoronto.ca/ University of Toronto Libraries] and the service was relaunched [http://www.bioline.org.br/ Bioline International]. BI used a mix of open access and toll access until February 2004, when it went completely open access. See [https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/71 these details] on BI's history.

* '''1993'''. [http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/IT94/Proceedings/BioChem/epstein/WWW_entrez.html#history Network Entrez] launched, replacing priced CD's with free network access (pre-web).

* '''1993'''. [http://www.ccel.org/ Christian Classics Ethereal Library] launched by Harry Platinga.

* '''January 1993'''. [http://www.bartleby.com/ Project Bartleby] launched by Steven H. van Leeuwen.

* '''January 14, 1993'''. The [http://techreports.larc.nasa.gov/ltrs/ltrs.html Langley Technical Report Server] (an open FTP service for research papers) was launched by [http://www.nasa.gov/ NASA]'s [http://www.larc.nasa.gov/ Langley Research Center]. A WAIS server was added on February 10, 1993. The web version was launched in August 1993. See [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940023070_1994023070.pdf these details] on LTRS's history, and [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19950006785_1995106785.pdf these details] on the web version.

* '''January 19, 1993'''. [http://epaa.asu.edu/ Education Policy Analysis Archives] launched by Gene Glass. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.)

* '''February 1993'''. National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) and Marc Andreesen released the alpha version of Mosaic.

* '''February 1, 1993'''. [http://netec.mcc.ac.uk/WoPEc.html Working Papers in Economics] (WoPEc) launched by Thomas Krichel.

* '''April 1993'''. [http://muse.jhu.edu/ Project MUSE] launched by the [http://www.library.jhu.edu/ Milton S. Eisenhower Library] and the [http://www.google.com/url?sa=U&start=1&q=http://www.press.jhu.edu/&e=9818 Johns Hopkins University Press]. PM is not open access but it was a pioneer in online distribution. It provided free online full-text searching and JHU Press allowed authors to retain copyright.

* '''April 1993'''. [http://abu.cnam.fr/ Association des Bibliophiles Universels] (ABU) launched by Pierre Cubaud.

* '''April 30, 1993'''. [http://www.cern.ch/ CERN] [http://intranet.cern.ch/Chronological/Announcements/CERNAnnouncements/2003/04-30TenYearsWWW/Declaration/Page1.html announced] that it was putting the basic web software into the public domain, relinquishing all intellectual property rights to it, and granting permission for all to "use, duplicate, modify and redistribute" it without charge. The signatures on this historic document are W. Hoogland, Director of Research, and H. Weber, Director of Administration.

* '''May 1993'''. The [http://www.cs.indiana.edu/ucstri/info.html Unified Computer Science Technical Report Index] (UCSTRI) launched by Marc VanHeyningen and [http://www.indiana.edu/ Indiana University]. See [http://www.cs.indiana.edu/ucstri/paper/paper.html these details] on UCSTRI's history.

* '''June 1993'''. The [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/books/ Online Books Page] launched by John Mark Ockerbloom.

* '''August 1993'''. The [http://web.archive.org/web/20001007173420/phil.indiana.edu/ejap/archives.html Electronic Journal of Analytic Philosophy] launched by Indiana University. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.)

* '''November 1993'''. [http://www.cern.ch/ CERN] launched its [http://weblib.cern.ch preprint server].

==1994==
* '''1994'''. [http://www.dli2.nsf.gov/ Digital Libraries Initiative] launched by the [http://www.nsf.gov/ National Science Foundation] and other U.S. federal agencies.

* '''1994'''. [http://highwire.stanford.edu/ HighWire Press] launched by the Stanford University Libraries (fall or winter).

* '''1994'''. The [http://www.doegenomes.org/ Human Genome Project] launched its open-access web site. The research project began in 1990. See [http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/timeline.shtml these details] on the history of the HGP.

* '''1994'''. [http://www.ncstrl.org/ Networked Computer Science Technical Reference Library] (NCSTRL) launched by DARPA and NSF, merging the two prior projects, [http://www.cnri.reston.va.us/home/cstr.html CS-TR] and WATERS. NCSTRL was suspended in 2001, but might be revived in an OAI-compliant form. See [http://wotan.liu.edu/home/krichel/papers/mitaka.html these details] and [http://128.82.7.99/ncstrlprop.doc these] on NCSTRL's history.

* '''1994'''. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/ Perseus Project] launched its free web version (formerly limited to priced CD's).

* '''1994'''. [http://projekt.gutenberg.de/ Projekt Gutenberg-DE] launched by Gunter Hille.

* '''January 16, 1994'''. Wide Area Technical Report Service (WATERS) launched on the web by the Computer Science Departments of Old Dominion University, SUNY Buffalo, University of Virginia, and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. (It emerged from discussions at the 1992 Snowbird Conference for Computer Science Department Heads and may have had a pre-web incarnation but I'm still investigating that.) See [http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/IT94/Proceedings/Databases/maly/maly.html these details] on WATERS' history.

* '''March 1994'''. The [http://www.nap.edu/ National Academies Press] started the practice of creating free online full-text editions of all its priced, printed books, and documenting that the former help sell the latter.

* '''June 1994'''. [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/ NASA Technical Report Server] (NTRS) launched by [http://www.nasa.gov/ NASA], to search the many distributed [http://techreports.larc.nasa.gov/ltrs/ltrs.html LTRS]-inspired digital libraries at the agency. The NTRS became OAI-compliant in May 2003.

* '''June 27, 1994'''. [http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/guide.htm#self-archiving Self-archiving] first [http://www.arl.org/scomm/subversive/sub01.html proposed] by Stevan Harnad. (Also see Harnad's reflections [https://mx2.arl.org/Lists/SPARC-OAForum/Message/827.html 10 years later].)

* '''July 1994'''. [http://egj.lib.uidaho.edu/index.php/egj Electronic Green Journal] launched by the University of Idaho Library. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.) See [http://egj.lib.uidaho.edu/index.php/egj/article/view/3204/3174 these details] on the history of EGJ.

* '''August 1994'''. [http://www.konkoly.hu/IBVS/IBVS.html Information Bulletin on Variable Stars] demo launched at the General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union. A few months later the electronic version of the small journal started regular service. Published by Konkoly Observatory, Budapest, Hungary.

* '''September 1994'''. [http://adswww.harvard.edu/ NASA's Astrophysical Data System] (ADS) was folded into [http://techreports.larc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/NTRS NTRS].

* '''September 1994'''. [http://www.sociology.org/ Electronic Journal of Sociology] launched. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.)

* '''October 1994'''. The [http://www.ssrn.com/ Social Science Research Network] (SSRN) launched by Wayne Marr and Michael Jensen. See [http://ssrn.com/update/general/mjensen.html these details] on the history of SSRN.

* '''November 28, 1994'''. [http://www.fcla.edu/FlaEnt/ Florida Entomologist], a print journal launched in 1917, converted to open access. By April 27, 1999, all back issues to 1917 were also open access.

==1995==
* '''1995'''. [http://www.jusline.de/index.php Jusline], an open access portal to German law and legal scholarship, launched by Norbert Gugerbauer.

* '''April, 1995'''. [http://informationr.net/ir/ Information Research] launched by T.D. Wilson. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.)

* '''May 21, 1995'''. [http://highwire.stanford.edu/ HighWire Press] announced its first hosted or co-published journal, the [http://www.jbc.org/ Journal of Biological Chemistry].

* '''June 1995'''. The [http://www.fnal.gov/ Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory] launched its [http://fnalpubs.fnal.gov/preprints.html preprint server]. See [http://fnalpubs.fnal.gov/archive/tm/TM-2004-rev.pdf these details] on the project's history.

* '''June 1995'''. The [http://jcmc.indiana.edu/ Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication] launched by Indiana University. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.)

* '''July 1995'''. [http://www.dlib.org/ D-Lib Magazine] launched.

* '''September 1995'''. [http://plato.stanford.edu/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy] launched by Edward Zalta.

* '''Fall 1995'''. [http://www.hti.umich.edu/m/moagrp/ Making of America] launched by the University of Michigan and Cornell University with funding from the Mellon Foundation.

==1996==
* '''1996'''. [http://www.epublishingtrust.org/ Electronic Publishing Trust for Development] (EPT) launched.

* '''1996'''. The [http://www.jhsonline.org/ Journal of Hebrew Scriptures] launched. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.)

* '''1996'''. [http://www.ndltd.org/ Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations] (NDLTD) launched by Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.

* '''January 1, 1996'''. The [http://www.jci.org/ Journal of Clinical Investigation] converted to open access (witout using this term). It had been published since 1926 by the [http://www.asci-jci.org/ American Society for Clinical Investigation]. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.)

* '''February 1996'''. [http://www.ron.umontreal.ca/ Romanticism on the Net] launched by Michael Eberle-Sinatra. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.)

* '''February 28, 1996'''. Participants at the International Strategy Meeting on Human Genome Sequencing issued the [http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/research/bermuda.shtml Bermuda principles], asserting that "all human genomic sequence information, generated by centres funded for large-scale human sequencing, should be freely available and in the public domain". The U.S. National Human Genome Research Institute ([http://www.genome.gov/ NHGRI]) adopted the Bermuda principles as [http://www.genome.gov/10000926 policy] for all US-funded research on April 9, 1996.

* '''May 10, 1996'''. [http://www.hf.uio.no/filosofi/njpl/ The Nordic Journal of Philosophical Logic] published its first issue. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal with a priced print edition.) It had to cease publishing its open-access edition in January 2003.

* '''June 1996'''. Brewster Kahle launched the [http://www.archive.org/ Internet Archive].

* '''October 25, 1996'''. Version 1 of Charles W. Bailey, Jr.'s [http://info.lib.uh.edu/sepb/sepb.html Scholarly Electronic Publishing Bibliography] appeared. (The first online edition of a bibliography with earlier electronic editions.) See [http://www.press.umich.edu/jep/07-02/bailey.html these details] on SEPB's history.

==1997==
* '''1997'''. [http://www.dfg.de/ Die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft] (German Research Society) launched a retrospective digitization project for library holdings that eventually became the [http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/en/index.html Göttinger Digitalisierungs-Zentrum] (Goettingen Digitization Center).

* '''March 1997'''. [http://www.scielo.org/index.php?lang=en SciELO] (Scientific Electronic Library Online) was launched by the São Paulo Science Foundation ([http://www.fapesp.br/ FAPESP]) and the Latin America and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information ([http://www.bireme.br/ BIREME]). See [http://www.scielo.org/model_en.htm these details] on SciELO's history.

* '''March 21, 1997'''. The [http://www.hti.umich.edu/m/moagrp/ Making of America] digital library at the University of Michigan first announced in a message from John Price-Wilkin to the DigLib mailing list.

* '''March 25, 1997'''. [http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/guide.htm#provosts University Provosts' Initiative] launched.

* '''May 12, 1997'''. [http://repec.org/ Research Papers in Economics] (RePEc) launched by Thomas Krichel.

* '''June 26, 1997'''. The [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ National Center for Biotechnology Information] launched [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi PubMed]. At the same time, [http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/guide.htm#medline Medline] content, already online, became free when incorporated into PubMed. See [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Web/Newsltr/aug97.pdf these details] on the launch.

* '''August 19, 1997'''. [http://cogprints.soton.ac.uk/ CogPrints] launched by Stevan Harnad.

* '''September 1997'''. [http://slashdot.org/ Slashdot] launched by Rob "CmdrTaco" Malda. Many consider Slashdot to be the first blog.

* '''September 1997'''. [http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/cs CiteSeer] (sometimes called ResearchIndex) launched by Kurt Bollacker, Lee Giles, and Steve Lawrence of [http://www.neci.nec.com/ NEC Research Institute]. The research project began in June 1997; it became operational within NEC in September 1997; and it opened to the public in the spring of 1998.

==1998==
* '''1998'''. [http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/guide.htm#campaign Campaign for the Freedom of Distribution of Scientific Work] (aka Free Science Campaign) launched by Stefano Ghirlanda.

* '''1998'''. The [http://www.icaap.org/ International Consortium for the Advancement of Academic Publication] (ICAAP) launched.

* '''1998'''. Most of the editorial board of the ''Journal of Academic Librarianship'' resigned in order to launch ''Portal: Libraries and the Academy''. ([http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/10-26-01.htm FOSN for 10/26/01].) See [[Journal declarations of independence]].

* '''January 1998'''. A group of classics scholars launched [http://www.stoa.org/sol/ Suda On Line], a collaborative open-access translation of the 10th century Byzantine encyclopedia.

* '''March 27, 1998'''. [http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/guide.htm#dsj Declaration of San José] issued. ([http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/01-30-02.htm FOSN for 1/30/02].)

* '''May 1998'''. [http://www.ajol.info/ African Journals Online] (AJOL) launched by the [http://www.inasp.info/ International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publication] (INASP).

* '''June 1998'''. [http://www.arl.org/sparc/ Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition] (SPARC) launched by [http://www.arl.org/ ARL].

* '''August 25, 1998'''. The [http://american-scientist-open-access-forum.amsci.org/archives/American-Scientist-Open-Access-Forum.html September98Forum] (later called the American Scientist Open Access Forum) launched by ''American Scientist'', moderated by Stevan Harnad.

* '''August 4, 1998'''. [http://www.stanford.edu/~boyd/schol_pub_crisis.html#manifesto Manifesto for Responsible Scholarly Publishers] released by Stephen Boyd and others on the Stanford Academic Council Committee on Libraries.

* '''September 1998'''. [http://xxx.lanl.gov/archive/cs/intro.html Computing Research Repository] (CoRR) launched by the [http://www.acm.org/ ACM], [http://arxiv.org/ arXiv], [http://www.ncstrl.org/ NCSTRL], and [http://www.aaai.org/ AAAI].

* '''October 1998'''. The [http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/guide.htm#near National Electronic Article Repository] (NEAR) proposed by David Shulenburger.

* '''November 1998'''. Michael Rosenzweig and the rest of his editorial board resigned from ''Evolutionary Ecology'' in order to create ''Evolutionary Ecology Research''. See [[Journal declarations of independence]].

==1999==
* '''1999'''. The [http://www.openarchives.org/ Open Archives Initiative] (OAI) launched. See [http://www.oaforum.org/tutorial/english/page2.htm these details] on the history of the OAI.

* '''1999'''. The [http://opcit.eprints.org/ Open Citation Project] (OpCit) launched.

* '''1999'''. [http://www.eifl.net/ Electronic Information for Libraries Direct] (eIFL Direct) launched by the [http://www.soros.org/ Open Society Institute].

* '''April 1, 1999'''. First Polish open journal for librarians [http://ebib.info/biuletyn/ Bulletin EBIB] was launched by Aleksander Radwański, Bożena Bednarek-Michalska, Anna Filipowicz and other librarians at the National Library in Warsaw.

* '''April 22, 1999'''. [http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/guide.htm#jake Jointly Administered Knowledge Environment] (jake) launched by the Cushing/Whitney Medical Library at the Yale University School of Medicine.

* '''April 26, 1999'''. [http://www.biomedcentral.com/ BioMed Central] [http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/pr-releases.asp?pr=19990426 announced] plan to offer free online access to all its journals. See [http://www.infotoday.com/it/jan05/poynder.shtml these details] on the history of BMC.

* '''May 5, 1999'''. [http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/guide.htm#e-biomed E-Biomed] proposed by Harold Varmus. See [http://www.slis.indiana.edu/CSI/WP/wp01-03B.html these details] on the history of E-Biomed.

* '''July 1, 1999'''. [http://www.unesco.org/science/wcs/eng/declaration_e.htm Declaration on Science and the Use of Scientific Knowledge] issued by the [http://www.unesco.org/ UNESCO]-[http://www.icsu.org/ ICSU] [http://www.unesco.org/science/wcs/index.htm World Conference on Science].

* '''October 21, 1999'''. The Universal Preprint Service (UPS) prototype was unveiled for study and discussion at the Sante Fe meeting (October 21-22, 1999). The UPS eventually evolved into the Open Archives Initiative (OAI). See [http://www.dlib.org/dlib/february00/vandesompel-ups/02vandesompel-ups.html these details] on the history of the UPS.

* '''October 22, 1999'''. [http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/guide.htm#santefe Sante Fe Convention] issued. See [http://www.dlib.org/dlib/february00/vandesompel-oai/02vandesompel-oai.html these details] on the history of the Sante Fe Convention.

* '''November 1999'''. The entire 50 person editorial board of the ''Journal of Logic Programming'' resigned in order to launch ''Theory and Practice of Logic Programming''. ([http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/05-11-01.htm FOSN for 5/11/01].) See [[Journal declarations of independence]].

* '''December 1999'''. The [http://www.aps.org/ American Physical Society], publisher of physics journals, launched its own [http://aps.arxiv.org/ mirror] of arXiv.

Author addenda

2015-06-26T16:37:17Z

Andrasholl: /* H */

[[File:oad2.jpeg|60px]] This list is part of the [http://oad.simmons.edu Open Access Directory].

----
{| align="right"
| __TOC__
|}

* This is a list of ''author addenda''. An author addendum is a proposed modification to a publisher's standard copyright transfer agreement. If accepted, it would allow the author to retain key rights, especially the right to authorize OA. The purpose is to help authors who are uncomfortable negotiating contract terms with publishers or who are unfamiliar with copyright law and don't know the best terms for a modification to support OA. Because an addendum is merely a proposed contract modification, a publisher may accept or reject it.

* If possible, please include the date of each addendum. Over time, it would help to annotate the addenda with their major provisions, to show how they differ and to help institutions select one or draft their own.

* Alphabetical by sponsoring organization.

[[Category:Lists about journals]], [[Category:Tools for OA]]

==B==

* [http://www.blc.org/ Boston Library Consortium]. [http://www.mblwhoilibrary.org/services/copyright/pdf/amendment.pdf Boston Library Consortium form: Amendment to publication agreement (pdf)] and the [http://www.mblwhoilibrary.org/services/copyright/pdf/amendment.doc word] document. Adopted September 2, 2005.

==C==

* [http://www.cic.uiuc.edu/ Committee on Institutional Cooperation]. Its [http://www.library.illinois.edu/export/scholcomm/AU-Reserving_Rights_of_Use.doc Addendum to publication agreements for CIC authors]. Adopted June 19, 2007.
** The CIC is a consortium of 12 research universities: the University of Chicago, the University of Illinois, Indiana University, the University of Iowa, the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, the University of Minnesota, Northwestern University, Ohio State University, Penn State University, Purdue University, and the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

==D==

* [http://www.dartmouth.edu/ Dartmouth College]. [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~libcoll/Dartmouth.Authors.Amendment.pdf Authors' amendment to publication agreement]. Adopted March 16, 2007.

==E==

* [http://www.esrc.ac.uk/ Economic & Social Research Council] [http://copyrighttoolbox.surf.nl/copyrighttoolbox/authors/licence/ License to publish]. October 2006.

* [http://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/index.cfm?fuseaction=public.topic&id=1680 European Commission OA pilot project for FP7].
** [http://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/document_library/pdf_06/model-cover-letter-for-amendment_en.zip Model cover letter for amendment to publishing agreement] (downloadable .zip file). Apparently released July 2009.
** [http://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/document_library/pdf_06/model-amendment-publishing-agreement_en.zip Model amendment to publishing agreement] (downloadable .zip file). Apparently released July 2009.

==H==

* [http://www.harvard.edu/ Harvard University]. The [http://osc.hul.harvard.edu/authors/amend Harvard addendum] is accessible only to Harvard faculty. Adopted sometime after February 2008.

* [http://www.sennoma.net/ Bill Hooker]. [http://www.sennoma.net/main/archives/2006/12/where_are_the_data_can_i_have.php Author's addendum to publication agreement]. Proposed December 17, 2006. This is a proposed addendum for ''data files'' which accompany a published article.

* [http://mta.hu/english/ Hungarian Academy of Sciences]. [http://real.mtak.hu/eprints/aa.html Author addendum]. Available since 2012.

==I==

* [http://www.iupui.edu/ Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis]. [http://www.copyright.iupui.edu/nego_doc.htm Reserving rights of use in works submitted for publication: Negotiating publishing agreements]. Prepared January 5, 2004.

==K==

* [http://www.ku.edu/ University of Kansas]. [http://www2.ku.edu/~scholar/docs/KU_AUTHOR_Addendum.pdf Author's addendum to publication agreement]. Undated.

==M==

* [http://mit.edu/ Massachusetts Institute of Technology] (MIT). [http://info-libraries.mit.edu/scholarly/mit-copyright-amendment-form/ MIT copyright amendment form]. Adopted January 27, 2006

* [http://umich.edu/ University of Michigan]. The UM [http://lgdata.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com/docs/64/390391/UM_Authors_Addendum-1.pdf author addendum].

* [http://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/document_library/pdf_06/model-amendment-to-publishing-agreement_en.zip Model amendment to publishing agreement]. From the European Commission's [http://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/index.cfm?fuseaction=public.topic&id=1680 FP7 pilot OA project]. Undated but apparently released in July 2009.
** The model amendment (addendum) is accompanied by a [http://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/document_library/pdf_06/model-cover-letter-for-amendment_en.zip Model cover letter for amendment to publishing agreement].

==N==

* [http://www.nih.gov/ National Institutes of Health] (NIH). The [http://www1.od.nih.gov/oir/sourcebook/oversight/NIHCover%20Sheet.pdf cover sheet] or addendum that the NIH requires for NIH-''employed'' researchers. Adopted July 2008.
**The NIH does not require any particular addendum for NIH-''funded'' researchers, although it does require such researchers to retain key rights and allows them to use any addendum that would do the job.

==O==

* [http://www.ohiolink.edu/ The Ohio Library and Information Network - Ohio LINK]. [http://www.ohiolink.edu/journalcrisis/intellproprecsaug06.pdf OhioLINK Library Community recommendations on retention of Intellectual Property Rights for works produced by Ohio faculty and students]. Adopted August 30, 2006.

==S==

* [http://www.arl.org/sparc/ The Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition] (SPARC). [http://www.arl.org/sparc/author/addendum.shtml Author Rights: Using the SPARC Author Addendum to secure your rights as the author of a journal article]. [http://www.arl.org/sparc/author/completeonline.shtml SPARC author addendum online]. Adopted March 5, 2005.

* [http://www.arl.org/sparc/ The Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition] (SPARC) and the [http://www.carl-abrc.ca/new/new-e.html Canadian Association of Research Libraries] (CARL). [http://www.carl-abrc.ca/projects/author/author-e.html SPARC Canadian Author Addendum]. There is also a [http://www.carl-abrc.ca/projects/author/author-f.html French version]. Adopted August 2007.

* [http://sciencecommons.org/ Science Commons]. [http://sciencecommons.org/projects/publishing/scae/ Scholar’s Copyright Addendum Engine] (SCAE). [http://sciencecommons.org/projects/publishing/scae/ FAQ] on the author addenda. Originally adopted June 6, 2006. Last revised May 17, 2007.
** The SCAE offers users a choice among four different addenda and helps them choose. One is the MIT addendum. Another is a modified version of the SPARC addendum. The other two are original with Science Commons: one permitting immediate OA and the other delayed OA.

==T==

* [http://www.tufts.edu/ Tufts University]. [http://www.library.tufts.edu/fairuse/amendmentToPublicationAgreement.pdf Tufts addendum to publication agreement]. Adopted 2006.

==U==

* [http://www.unc.edu/ University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]. [http://www.hsl.unc.edu/Collections/ScholCom/Documents/UNCAuthorPubAgrmt.pdf UNC Journal Author's Publication Agreement]. Adopted June 27, 2006.

==W==

* [http://www.wustl.edu/ Washington University]. [http://becker.wustl.edu/pdf/WUPubamendment.pdf Amendment to publication agreement]. Last revised, October 9, 2007.

Author addenda

2015-06-26T16:36:43Z

Andrasholl: /* H */

[[File:oad2.jpeg|60px]] This list is part of the [http://oad.simmons.edu Open Access Directory].

----
{| align="right"
| __TOC__
|}

* This is a list of ''author addenda''. An author addendum is a proposed modification to a publisher's standard copyright transfer agreement. If accepted, it would allow the author to retain key rights, especially the right to authorize OA. The purpose is to help authors who are uncomfortable negotiating contract terms with publishers or who are unfamiliar with copyright law and don't know the best terms for a modification to support OA. Because an addendum is merely a proposed contract modification, a publisher may accept or reject it.

* If possible, please include the date of each addendum. Over time, it would help to annotate the addenda with their major provisions, to show how they differ and to help institutions select one or draft their own.

* Alphabetical by sponsoring organization.

[[Category:Lists about journals]], [[Category:Tools for OA]]

==B==

* [http://www.blc.org/ Boston Library Consortium]. [http://www.mblwhoilibrary.org/services/copyright/pdf/amendment.pdf Boston Library Consortium form: Amendment to publication agreement (pdf)] and the [http://www.mblwhoilibrary.org/services/copyright/pdf/amendment.doc word] document. Adopted September 2, 2005.

==C==

* [http://www.cic.uiuc.edu/ Committee on Institutional Cooperation]. Its [http://www.library.illinois.edu/export/scholcomm/AU-Reserving_Rights_of_Use.doc Addendum to publication agreements for CIC authors]. Adopted June 19, 2007.
** The CIC is a consortium of 12 research universities: the University of Chicago, the University of Illinois, Indiana University, the University of Iowa, the University of Michigan, Michigan State University, the University of Minnesota, Northwestern University, Ohio State University, Penn State University, Purdue University, and the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

==D==

* [http://www.dartmouth.edu/ Dartmouth College]. [http://www.dartmouth.edu/~libcoll/Dartmouth.Authors.Amendment.pdf Authors' amendment to publication agreement]. Adopted March 16, 2007.

==E==

* [http://www.esrc.ac.uk/ Economic & Social Research Council] [http://copyrighttoolbox.surf.nl/copyrighttoolbox/authors/licence/ License to publish]. October 2006.

* [http://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/index.cfm?fuseaction=public.topic&id=1680 European Commission OA pilot project for FP7].
** [http://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/document_library/pdf_06/model-cover-letter-for-amendment_en.zip Model cover letter for amendment to publishing agreement] (downloadable .zip file). Apparently released July 2009.
** [http://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/document_library/pdf_06/model-amendment-publishing-agreement_en.zip Model amendment to publishing agreement] (downloadable .zip file). Apparently released July 2009.

==H==

* [http://www.harvard.edu/ Harvard University]. The [http://osc.hul.harvard.edu/authors/amend Harvard addendum] is accessible only to Harvard faculty. Adopted sometime after February 2008.

* [http://www.sennoma.net/ Bill Hooker]. [http://www.sennoma.net/main/archives/2006/12/where_are_the_data_can_i_have.php Author's addendum to publication agreement]. Proposed December 17, 2006. This is a proposed addendum for ''data files'' which accompany a published article.

* [http://mta.hu/english/]. [http://real.mtak.hu/eprints/aa.html Author addendum]. Available since 2012.

==I==

* [http://www.iupui.edu/ Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis]. [http://www.copyright.iupui.edu/nego_doc.htm Reserving rights of use in works submitted for publication: Negotiating publishing agreements]. Prepared January 5, 2004.

==K==

* [http://www.ku.edu/ University of Kansas]. [http://www2.ku.edu/~scholar/docs/KU_AUTHOR_Addendum.pdf Author's addendum to publication agreement]. Undated.

==M==

* [http://mit.edu/ Massachusetts Institute of Technology] (MIT). [http://info-libraries.mit.edu/scholarly/mit-copyright-amendment-form/ MIT copyright amendment form]. Adopted January 27, 2006

* [http://umich.edu/ University of Michigan]. The UM [http://lgdata.s3-website-us-east-1.amazonaws.com/docs/64/390391/UM_Authors_Addendum-1.pdf author addendum].

* [http://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/document_library/pdf_06/model-amendment-to-publishing-agreement_en.zip Model amendment to publishing agreement]. From the European Commission's [http://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/index.cfm?fuseaction=public.topic&id=1680 FP7 pilot OA project]. Undated but apparently released in July 2009.
** The model amendment (addendum) is accompanied by a [http://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/document_library/pdf_06/model-cover-letter-for-amendment_en.zip Model cover letter for amendment to publishing agreement].

==N==

* [http://www.nih.gov/ National Institutes of Health] (NIH). The [http://www1.od.nih.gov/oir/sourcebook/oversight/NIHCover%20Sheet.pdf cover sheet] or addendum that the NIH requires for NIH-''employed'' researchers. Adopted July 2008.
**The NIH does not require any particular addendum for NIH-''funded'' researchers, although it does require such researchers to retain key rights and allows them to use any addendum that would do the job.

==O==

* [http://www.ohiolink.edu/ The Ohio Library and Information Network - Ohio LINK]. [http://www.ohiolink.edu/journalcrisis/intellproprecsaug06.pdf OhioLINK Library Community recommendations on retention of Intellectual Property Rights for works produced by Ohio faculty and students]. Adopted August 30, 2006.

==S==

* [http://www.arl.org/sparc/ The Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition] (SPARC). [http://www.arl.org/sparc/author/addendum.shtml Author Rights: Using the SPARC Author Addendum to secure your rights as the author of a journal article]. [http://www.arl.org/sparc/author/completeonline.shtml SPARC author addendum online]. Adopted March 5, 2005.

* [http://www.arl.org/sparc/ The Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition] (SPARC) and the [http://www.carl-abrc.ca/new/new-e.html Canadian Association of Research Libraries] (CARL). [http://www.carl-abrc.ca/projects/author/author-e.html SPARC Canadian Author Addendum]. There is also a [http://www.carl-abrc.ca/projects/author/author-f.html French version]. Adopted August 2007.

* [http://sciencecommons.org/ Science Commons]. [http://sciencecommons.org/projects/publishing/scae/ Scholar’s Copyright Addendum Engine] (SCAE). [http://sciencecommons.org/projects/publishing/scae/ FAQ] on the author addenda. Originally adopted June 6, 2006. Last revised May 17, 2007.
** The SCAE offers users a choice among four different addenda and helps them choose. One is the MIT addendum. Another is a modified version of the SPARC addendum. The other two are original with Science Commons: one permitting immediate OA and the other delayed OA.

==T==

* [http://www.tufts.edu/ Tufts University]. [http://www.library.tufts.edu/fairuse/amendmentToPublicationAgreement.pdf Tufts addendum to publication agreement]. Adopted 2006.

==U==

* [http://www.unc.edu/ University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]. [http://www.hsl.unc.edu/Collections/ScholCom/Documents/UNCAuthorPubAgrmt.pdf UNC Journal Author's Publication Agreement]. Adopted June 27, 2006.

==W==

* [http://www.wustl.edu/ Washington University]. [http://becker.wustl.edu/pdf/WUPubamendment.pdf Amendment to publication agreement]. Last revised, October 9, 2007.

Timeline before 2000

2015-06-26T16:30:50Z

Andrasholl: /* 1994 */

[[File:oad2.jpeg|60px]] This list is part of the [http://oad.simmons.edu Open Access Directory].

* This is a section within the larger [[Timeline|Timeline of the open access movement]].
* For reference, the timeline includes a small number of entries on the early history of the internet and world wide web, to show how quickly scholars moved to take advantage of the new medium. The dates for these entries are in a '''green font'''.

----

{| align="right"
| __TOC__
|}

==Before 1990==
* '''1966'''. [http://www.eric.ed.gov/ Educational Resources Information Center] (ERIC) launched by the U.S. Department of Education's [http://www.ed.gov/offices/OERI/ Office of Educational Research and Improvement] and the [http://www.ed.gov/NLE/ National Library of Education].

* '''1966'''. [http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/guide.htm#medline Medline] launched by the [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/ National Library of Medicine] (but not free until [#1997 1997]).

* '''April 7, 1969'''. First [http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/ Request for Comments] (RFC) published by Steve Crocker, triggering a long series of free online documents on the development of the internet. See [http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2555.html these details] on the history of RFCs.

* '''August 30, 1969'''. Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) launched by the U.S. Department of Defense. It ceased operation in 1990. See [http://www.dei.isep.ipp.pt/docs/arpa.html these details] on ARPANET's history.

* '''1970'''. The U.S. [http://www.nal.usda.gov/ National Agriculture Library] launched [http://agricola.nal.usda.gov/ Agricola] (AGRICultural OnLine Access).

* '''July 4, 1971'''. [http://www.gutenberg.net/ Project Gutenberg] launched by Michael Hart.

* '''Late 1971'''. [http://openmap.bbn.com/~tomlinso/ray/firstemailmain.html Ray Tomlinson sent the first networked email]. After the initial test messages, the first message announced the existence of network email. Email-based discussion lists emerged soon after, though I can't tell when. See [http://www.livinginternet.com/l/li.htm these details] on the history of email discussion lists.

* '''1974'''. The libraries of the [http://www.slac.stanford.edu/ Stanford Linear Accelerator Center] (SLAC) and [http://www.desy.de/ Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron] (DESY) began electronic cataloging of preprint literature in physics. Their catalog soon joined the [http://www.slac.stanford.edu/spires/find/hep/www?r=slac-0393 Stanford Physics [later Public] Information Retrieval System] (SPIRES) High Energy Physics (HEP) online database. See [http://library.cern.ch/HEPLW/6/papers/3/ these details] on SPIRES HEP's history.

* '''1979'''. [http://groups.google.com/ USENET] launched by Tom Truscott, Jim Ellis, Steve Bellovin, and Steve Daniel. See [http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue3_7/chapter2/ these details] on USENET's history.

* '''1981'''. [http://www.ja.net/ Joint Academic Network] (JANET) launched by [http://www.jisc.ac.uk/ JISC].

* '''May 5, 1981'''. Because It's Time Network (BITNET) launched with a link between Yale and the City University of New York. See [http://nethistory.dumbentia.com/archive.html these details] on BITNET's history.

* '''January 1, 1983'''. ARPANET switched from the NCP protocol to TCP/IP, marking what many consider to be the birth of the internet. See [http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc801.html these details] on the planning for this transition.

* '''September 21, 1985'''. Ronald Reagan's White House issued National Security Decision Directive 189: [http://export.stanford.edu/documents/NSDD_000.pdf National Policy On The Transfer Of Scientific, Technical And Engineering Information], holding (inter alia) that "[i]t is the policy of this Administration that, to the maximum extent possible, the products of fundamental research remain unrestricted."

* '''July 1987'''. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/ Perseus Project] launched on CD's (not free until it moved to the web in [#1994 1994]).

* '''Fall 1987'''. [http://www.nova.edu/~aed/newhorizons.html New Horizons in Adult Education] launched by the Syracuse University Kellogg Project. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.) See [http://info.lib.uh.edu/pr/v2/n1/hugo.2n1 these details] on NHAE's history.

* '''November 1987'''. The [http://www.tei-c.org/ Text Encoding Initiative] (TEI) was launched by a group of humanities scholars, librarians, and computer scientists at a meeting at Vassar College. See [http://ninetta.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewPDF.jsp?Filename=html/Output/Published/EmeraldFullTextArticle/Pdf/1640210107.pdf these details] on the history of TEI.

* '''1989'''. [http://www.lib.unc.edu/prices/ Newsletter on Serials Pricing Issues] launched. See [http://info.lib.uh.edu/pr/v2/n1/tuttle.2n1 these details] on NSPI's history.

* '''1989'''. [http://psycprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/ Psycoloquy] launched by Stevan Harnad. (An early free online journal that became peer-reviewed on January 28, 1990.) Psycoloquy is sponsored but not published by the [http://www.apa.org/ American Psychological Association].

* '''June 1989'''. Eddy van der Maarel and most of his editorial board resigned from ''Vegetatio'' in order to launch the ''Journal of Vegetation Science''. See [[Journal declarations of independence]].

* '''August 16, 1989'''. [http://info.lib.uh.edu/pr/pacsrev.html The Public-Access Computer Systems Review] launched by Charles W. Bailey, Jr. (An early free online journal with a peer-reviewed section starting in April 1992.)

==1990==
* '''1990'''. [http://www.lights.ca/hytelnet/ Hytelnet] launched by Peter Scott. (The first online hypertext internet directory, noted especially for its links to network-accessible library catalogues.)

* '''September 21, 1990'''. [http://www.cios.org/www/ejcmain.htm Electronic Journal of Communication] launched. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.) See [http://info.lib.uh.edu/pr/v2/n1/harrison.2n1 these details] on EJC's history.

* '''September 30, 1990'''. [http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/pmc/contents.all.html Postmodern Culture] launched by Eyal Amiran, Greg Dawes, Elaine Orr, and John Unsworth. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.) See [http://info.lib.uh.edu/pr/v2/n1/amiran.2n1 these details] on PMC's history.

* '''October 1990'''. Tim Berners-Lee wrote first web client and server (released March 1991). On November 12, 1990, [http://www.w3.org/Proposal Berners-Lee published WorldWideWeb: Proposal for a HyperText Project], and on November 13, 1990, he wrote the [http://www.w3.org/History/19921103-hypertext/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html first web page].

* '''November 1990'''. [http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/ Bryn Mawr Classical Review] launched. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.) See [http://www.pum.umontreal.ca/revues/surfaces/vol4/odonnel.html these details] on BMCR's history.

==1991==

* '''1991'''. Gopher launched by Paul Lindner and Mark McCahill.

* '''1991'''. [http://www.pum.umontreal.ca/revues/surfaces/home.html Surfaces] launched by Jean-Claude Guèdon. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.)

* '''February 4, 1991'''. [http://www.bbsonline.org/ Behavioral and Brain Sciences] (not an open-access journal) launched an [http://groups.google.ca/groups?selm=9102041646.AA05293@psycho.Princeton.EDU&output=gplain open-access FTP Preprints archive] containing accepted papers but not their accompanying commentaries and responses. This became an [http://www.bbsonline.org/Preprints/OldArchive/ open-access web archive] in 1993 and an OAI-compliant eprint archive, [http://www.bbsonline.org/bbsprints.html BBSPrints], in 1999.

* '''April 1991'''. [http://www.ucalgary.ca/ejournal/ EJournal] launched by Edward M. Jennings. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.) See [http://info.lib.uh.edu/pr/v2/n1/jennings.2n1 these details] on EJ's history.

* '''May 17, 1991'''. World Wide Web standard released by [http://www.cern.ch/ CERN] and Tim Berners-Lee.

* '''July 2, 1991'''. Allan Bromley enunciated what are now known as the [http://www.gcrio.org/USGCRP/DataPolicy.html "Bromley Principles" Regarding Full and Open Access to "Global Change" Data] in [http://www.gcrio.org/USGCRP/DataPolicy.html Policy Statements on Data Management for Global Change Research], U.S. Office of Science and Technology Policy, July 2, 2001.

* '''July 10, 1991'''. The Mathematical Physics Preprint Archive or [http://www.ma.utexas.edu/mp_arc mp_arc] was launched by H. Koch, R. de la Llave, and C. Radin at the University of Texas at Austin.

==1992==

* '''1992'''. [http://www.cnri.reston.va.us/home/cstr.html Computer Science Technical Reports] (CS-TR) launched. The project ended in 1996. See [http://www.cnri.reston.va.us/describe.html these details] on CS-TR's history.

* '''1992'''. [http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/IT94/Proceedings/BioChem/epstein/WWW_entrez.html#history Entrez] launched by the [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ National Center for Biotechnology Information] (on CD's, not free until [#1993 1993]).

* '''1992'''. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genbank/index.html GenBank] launched by the [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ National Center for Biotechnology Information].

* '''1992'''. [http://www.ibiblio.org/ Ibiblio] launched, originally as the SunSite repository of public domain source code. It adopted its current name in September 2000.

* '''March 1992'''. The [http://www3.oup.co.uk/igpl/ Logic Journal of the IGPL] launched by the Interest Group in Pure and Applied Logics. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.)

* '''April 27, 1992'''. First Symposium on Scholarly Publishing on the Electronic Networks: Visions and Opportunities in Not-for-Profit Publishing [no web site], sponsored by the [http://www.arl.org/ Association of Research Libraries] and the [http://aaupnet.org/ Association of American University Presses].

* '''December 5-8, 1992'''. [http://www.arl.org/scomm/symp2/1992.frontmatter.html Second Symposium on Scholarly Publishing on the Electronic Networks: Visions and Opportunities in Not-for-Profit Publishing], sponsored by the [http://www.arl.org/ Association of Research Libraries] and the [http://aaupnet.org/ Association of American University Presses].

* '''December 13, 1992'''. [http://www.lysator.liu.se/runeberg/ Project Runeberg] launched by Sweden's [http://www.liu.se/ Linköping University].

==1993==

* '''1993'''. The [http://coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/ASEDA/ Aboriginal Studies Electronic Data Archive] (ASEDA) was launched on gopher by the [http://www.aiatsis.gov.au/ Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies]. A web edition appeared in 1994.

* '''1993'''. Bioline Publications was launched by Biostrategy Associates in partnership with Brazil's [http://www.cria.org.br/ Reference Center on Environmental Information]. In 2000 management was transferred to the [http://www.library.utoronto.ca/ University of Toronto Libraries] and the service was relaunched [http://www.bioline.org.br/ Bioline International]. BI used a mix of open access and toll access until February 2004, when it went completely open access. See [https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/71 these details] on BI's history.

* '''1993'''. [http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/IT94/Proceedings/BioChem/epstein/WWW_entrez.html#history Network Entrez] launched, replacing priced CD's with free network access (pre-web).

* '''1993'''. [http://www.ccel.org/ Christian Classics Ethereal Library] launched by Harry Platinga.

* '''January 1993'''. [http://www.bartleby.com/ Project Bartleby] launched by Steven H. van Leeuwen.

* '''January 14, 1993'''. The [http://techreports.larc.nasa.gov/ltrs/ltrs.html Langley Technical Report Server] (an open FTP service for research papers) was launched by [http://www.nasa.gov/ NASA]'s [http://www.larc.nasa.gov/ Langley Research Center]. A WAIS server was added on February 10, 1993. The web version was launched in August 1993. See [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19940023070_1994023070.pdf these details] on LTRS's history, and [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19950006785_1995106785.pdf these details] on the web version.

* '''January 19, 1993'''. [http://epaa.asu.edu/ Education Policy Analysis Archives] launched by Gene Glass. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.)

* '''February 1993'''. National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) and Marc Andreesen released the alpha version of Mosaic.

* '''February 1, 1993'''. [http://netec.mcc.ac.uk/WoPEc.html Working Papers in Economics] (WoPEc) launched by Thomas Krichel.

* '''April 1993'''. [http://muse.jhu.edu/ Project MUSE] launched by the [http://www.library.jhu.edu/ Milton S. Eisenhower Library] and the [http://www.google.com/url?sa=U&start=1&q=http://www.press.jhu.edu/&e=9818 Johns Hopkins University Press]. PM is not open access but it was a pioneer in online distribution. It provided free online full-text searching and JHU Press allowed authors to retain copyright.

* '''April 1993'''. [http://abu.cnam.fr/ Association des Bibliophiles Universels] (ABU) launched by Pierre Cubaud.

* '''April 30, 1993'''. [http://www.cern.ch/ CERN] [http://intranet.cern.ch/Chronological/Announcements/CERNAnnouncements/2003/04-30TenYearsWWW/Declaration/Page1.html announced] that it was putting the basic web software into the public domain, relinquishing all intellectual property rights to it, and granting permission for all to "use, duplicate, modify and redistribute" it without charge. The signatures on this historic document are W. Hoogland, Director of Research, and H. Weber, Director of Administration.

* '''May 1993'''. The [http://www.cs.indiana.edu/ucstri/info.html Unified Computer Science Technical Report Index] (UCSTRI) launched by Marc VanHeyningen and [http://www.indiana.edu/ Indiana University]. See [http://www.cs.indiana.edu/ucstri/paper/paper.html these details] on UCSTRI's history.

* '''June 1993'''. The [http://digital.library.upenn.edu/books/ Online Books Page] launched by John Mark Ockerbloom.

* '''August 1993'''. The [http://web.archive.org/web/20001007173420/phil.indiana.edu/ejap/archives.html Electronic Journal of Analytic Philosophy] launched by Indiana University. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.)

* '''November 1993'''. [http://www.cern.ch/ CERN] launched its [http://weblib.cern.ch preprint server].

==1994==
* '''1994'''. [http://www.dli2.nsf.gov/ Digital Libraries Initiative] launched by the [http://www.nsf.gov/ National Science Foundation] and other U.S. federal agencies.

* '''1994'''. [http://highwire.stanford.edu/ HighWire Press] launched by the Stanford University Libraries (fall or winter).

* '''1994'''. The [http://www.doegenomes.org/ Human Genome Project] launched its open-access web site. The research project began in 1990. See [http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/timeline.shtml these details] on the history of the HGP.

* '''1994'''. [http://www.ncstrl.org/ Networked Computer Science Technical Reference Library] (NCSTRL) launched by DARPA and NSF, merging the two prior projects, [http://www.cnri.reston.va.us/home/cstr.html CS-TR] and WATERS. NCSTRL was suspended in 2001, but might be revived in an OAI-compliant form. See [http://wotan.liu.edu/home/krichel/papers/mitaka.html these details] and [http://128.82.7.99/ncstrlprop.doc these] on NCSTRL's history.

* '''1994'''. [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/ Perseus Project] launched its free web version (formerly limited to priced CD's).

* '''1994'''. [http://projekt.gutenberg.de/ Projekt Gutenberg-DE] launched by Gunter Hille.

* '''January 16, 1994'''. Wide Area Technical Report Service (WATERS) launched on the web by the Computer Science Departments of Old Dominion University, SUNY Buffalo, University of Virginia, and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. (It emerged from discussions at the 1992 Snowbird Conference for Computer Science Department Heads and may have had a pre-web incarnation but I'm still investigating that.) See [http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/IT94/Proceedings/Databases/maly/maly.html these details] on WATERS' history.

* '''March 1994'''. The [http://www.nap.edu/ National Academies Press] started the practice of creating free online full-text editions of all its priced, printed books, and documenting that the former help sell the latter.

* '''June 1994'''. [http://ntrs.nasa.gov/ NASA Technical Report Server] (NTRS) launched by [http://www.nasa.gov/ NASA], to search the many distributed [http://techreports.larc.nasa.gov/ltrs/ltrs.html LTRS]-inspired digital libraries at the agency. The NTRS became OAI-compliant in May 2003.

* '''June 27, 1994'''. [http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/guide.htm#self-archiving Self-archiving] first [http://www.arl.org/scomm/subversive/sub01.html proposed] by Stevan Harnad. (Also see Harnad's reflections [https://mx2.arl.org/Lists/SPARC-OAForum/Message/827.html 10 years later].)

* '''July 1994'''. [http://egj.lib.uidaho.edu/index.php/egj Electronic Green Journal] launched by the University of Idaho Library. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.) See [http://egj.lib.uidaho.edu/index.php/egj/article/view/3204/3174 these details] on the history of EGJ.

* '''August 1994'''. [http://www.konkoly.hu/IBVS/IBVS.html Information Bulletin on Variable Stars] demo launched at the General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union. A few months later the electronic version of the small journal started regular service.

* '''September 1994'''. [http://adswww.harvard.edu/ NASA's Astrophysical Data System] (ADS) was folded into [http://techreports.larc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/NTRS NTRS].

* '''September 1994'''. [http://www.sociology.org/ Electronic Journal of Sociology] launched. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.)

* '''October 1994'''. The [http://www.ssrn.com/ Social Science Research Network] (SSRN) launched by Wayne Marr and Michael Jensen. See [http://ssrn.com/update/general/mjensen.html these details] on the history of SSRN.

* '''November 28, 1994'''. [http://www.fcla.edu/FlaEnt/ Florida Entomologist], a print journal launched in 1917, converted to open access. By April 27, 1999, all back issues to 1917 were also open access.

==1995==
* '''1995'''. [http://www.jusline.de/index.php Jusline], an open access portal to German law and legal scholarship, launched by Norbert Gugerbauer.

* '''April, 1995'''. [http://informationr.net/ir/ Information Research] launched by T.D. Wilson. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.)

* '''May 21, 1995'''. [http://highwire.stanford.edu/ HighWire Press] announced its first hosted or co-published journal, the [http://www.jbc.org/ Journal of Biological Chemistry].

* '''June 1995'''. The [http://www.fnal.gov/ Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory] launched its [http://fnalpubs.fnal.gov/preprints.html preprint server]. See [http://fnalpubs.fnal.gov/archive/tm/TM-2004-rev.pdf these details] on the project's history.

* '''June 1995'''. The [http://jcmc.indiana.edu/ Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication] launched by Indiana University. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.)

* '''July 1995'''. [http://www.dlib.org/ D-Lib Magazine] launched.

* '''September 1995'''. [http://plato.stanford.edu/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy] launched by Edward Zalta.

* '''Fall 1995'''. [http://www.hti.umich.edu/m/moagrp/ Making of America] launched by the University of Michigan and Cornell University with funding from the Mellon Foundation.

==1996==
* '''1996'''. [http://www.epublishingtrust.org/ Electronic Publishing Trust for Development] (EPT) launched.

* '''1996'''. The [http://www.jhsonline.org/ Journal of Hebrew Scriptures] launched. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.)

* '''1996'''. [http://www.ndltd.org/ Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations] (NDLTD) launched by Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.

* '''January 1, 1996'''. The [http://www.jci.org/ Journal of Clinical Investigation] converted to open access (witout using this term). It had been published since 1926 by the [http://www.asci-jci.org/ American Society for Clinical Investigation]. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.)

* '''February 1996'''. [http://www.ron.umontreal.ca/ Romanticism on the Net] launched by Michael Eberle-Sinatra. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal.)

* '''February 28, 1996'''. Participants at the International Strategy Meeting on Human Genome Sequencing issued the [http://www.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/research/bermuda.shtml Bermuda principles], asserting that "all human genomic sequence information, generated by centres funded for large-scale human sequencing, should be freely available and in the public domain". The U.S. National Human Genome Research Institute ([http://www.genome.gov/ NHGRI]) adopted the Bermuda principles as [http://www.genome.gov/10000926 policy] for all US-funded research on April 9, 1996.

* '''May 10, 1996'''. [http://www.hf.uio.no/filosofi/njpl/ The Nordic Journal of Philosophical Logic] published its first issue. (An early free online peer-reviewed journal with a priced print edition.) It had to cease publishing its open-access edition in January 2003.

* '''June 1996'''. Brewster Kahle launched the [http://www.archive.org/ Internet Archive].

* '''October 25, 1996'''. Version 1 of Charles W. Bailey, Jr.'s [http://info.lib.uh.edu/sepb/sepb.html Scholarly Electronic Publishing Bibliography] appeared. (The first online edition of a bibliography with earlier electronic editions.) See [http://www.press.umich.edu/jep/07-02/bailey.html these details] on SEPB's history.

==1997==
* '''1997'''. [http://www.dfg.de/ Die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft] (German Research Society) launched a retrospective digitization project for library holdings that eventually became the [http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/en/index.html Göttinger Digitalisierungs-Zentrum] (Goettingen Digitization Center).

* '''March 1997'''. [http://www.scielo.org/index.php?lang=en SciELO] (Scientific Electronic Library Online) was launched by the São Paulo Science Foundation ([http://www.fapesp.br/ FAPESP]) and the Latin America and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information ([http://www.bireme.br/ BIREME]). See [http://www.scielo.org/model_en.htm these details] on SciELO's history.

* '''March 21, 1997'''. The [http://www.hti.umich.edu/m/moagrp/ Making of America] digital library at the University of Michigan first announced in a message from John Price-Wilkin to the DigLib mailing list.

* '''March 25, 1997'''. [http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/guide.htm#provosts University Provosts' Initiative] launched.

* '''May 12, 1997'''. [http://repec.org/ Research Papers in Economics] (RePEc) launched by Thomas Krichel.

* '''June 26, 1997'''. The [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ National Center for Biotechnology Information] launched [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi PubMed]. At the same time, [http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/guide.htm#medline Medline] content, already online, became free when incorporated into PubMed. See [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Web/Newsltr/aug97.pdf these details] on the launch.

* '''August 19, 1997'''. [http://cogprints.soton.ac.uk/ CogPrints] launched by Stevan Harnad.

* '''September 1997'''. [http://slashdot.org/ Slashdot] launched by Rob "CmdrTaco" Malda. Many consider Slashdot to be the first blog.

* '''September 1997'''. [http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/cs CiteSeer] (sometimes called ResearchIndex) launched by Kurt Bollacker, Lee Giles, and Steve Lawrence of [http://www.neci.nec.com/ NEC Research Institute]. The research project began in June 1997; it became operational within NEC in September 1997; and it opened to the public in the spring of 1998.

==1998==
* '''1998'''. [http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/guide.htm#campaign Campaign for the Freedom of Distribution of Scientific Work] (aka Free Science Campaign) launched by Stefano Ghirlanda.

* '''1998'''. The [http://www.icaap.org/ International Consortium for the Advancement of Academic Publication] (ICAAP) launched.

* '''1998'''. Most of the editorial board of the ''Journal of Academic Librarianship'' resigned in order to launch ''Portal: Libraries and the Academy''. ([http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/10-26-01.htm FOSN for 10/26/01].) See [[Journal declarations of independence]].

* '''January 1998'''. A group of classics scholars launched [http://www.stoa.org/sol/ Suda On Line], a collaborative open-access translation of the 10th century Byzantine encyclopedia.

* '''March 27, 1998'''. [http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/guide.htm#dsj Declaration of San José] issued. ([http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/01-30-02.htm FOSN for 1/30/02].)

* '''May 1998'''. [http://www.ajol.info/ African Journals Online] (AJOL) launched by the [http://www.inasp.info/ International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publication] (INASP).

* '''June 1998'''. [http://www.arl.org/sparc/ Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition] (SPARC) launched by [http://www.arl.org/ ARL].

* '''August 25, 1998'''. The [http://american-scientist-open-access-forum.amsci.org/archives/American-Scientist-Open-Access-Forum.html September98Forum] (later called the American Scientist Open Access Forum) launched by ''American Scientist'', moderated by Stevan Harnad.

* '''August 4, 1998'''. [http://www.stanford.edu/~boyd/schol_pub_crisis.html#manifesto Manifesto for Responsible Scholarly Publishers] released by Stephen Boyd and others on the Stanford Academic Council Committee on Libraries.

* '''September 1998'''. [http://xxx.lanl.gov/archive/cs/intro.html Computing Research Repository] (CoRR) launched by the [http://www.acm.org/ ACM], [http://arxiv.org/ arXiv], [http://www.ncstrl.org/ NCSTRL], and [http://www.aaai.org/ AAAI].

* '''October 1998'''. The [http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/guide.htm#near National Electronic Article Repository] (NEAR) proposed by David Shulenburger.

* '''November 1998'''. Michael Rosenzweig and the rest of his editorial board resigned from ''Evolutionary Ecology'' in order to create ''Evolutionary Ecology Research''. See [[Journal declarations of independence]].

==1999==
* '''1999'''. The [http://www.openarchives.org/ Open Archives Initiative] (OAI) launched. See [http://www.oaforum.org/tutorial/english/page2.htm these details] on the history of the OAI.

* '''1999'''. The [http://opcit.eprints.org/ Open Citation Project] (OpCit) launched.

* '''1999'''. [http://www.eifl.net/ Electronic Information for Libraries Direct] (eIFL Direct) launched by the [http://www.soros.org/ Open Society Institute].

* '''April 1, 1999'''. First Polish open journal for librarians [http://ebib.info/biuletyn/ Bulletin EBIB] was launched by Aleksander Radwański, Bożena Bednarek-Michalska, Anna Filipowicz and other librarians at the National Library in Warsaw.

* '''April 22, 1999'''. [http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/guide.htm#jake Jointly Administered Knowledge Environment] (jake) launched by the Cushing/Whitney Medical Library at the Yale University School of Medicine.

* '''April 26, 1999'''. [http://www.biomedcentral.com/ BioMed Central] [http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/pr-releases.asp?pr=19990426 announced] plan to offer free online access to all its journals. See [http://www.infotoday.com/it/jan05/poynder.shtml these details] on the history of BMC.

* '''May 5, 1999'''. [http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/guide.htm#e-biomed E-Biomed] proposed by Harold Varmus. See [http://www.slis.indiana.edu/CSI/WP/wp01-03B.html these details] on the history of E-Biomed.

* '''July 1, 1999'''. [http://www.unesco.org/science/wcs/eng/declaration_e.htm Declaration on Science and the Use of Scientific Knowledge] issued by the [http://www.unesco.org/ UNESCO]-[http://www.icsu.org/ ICSU] [http://www.unesco.org/science/wcs/index.htm World Conference on Science].

* '''October 21, 1999'''. The Universal Preprint Service (UPS) prototype was unveiled for study and discussion at the Sante Fe meeting (October 21-22, 1999). The UPS eventually evolved into the Open Archives Initiative (OAI). See [http://www.dlib.org/dlib/february00/vandesompel-ups/02vandesompel-ups.html these details] on the history of the UPS.

* '''October 22, 1999'''. [http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/guide.htm#santefe Sante Fe Convention] issued. See [http://www.dlib.org/dlib/february00/vandesompel-oai/02vandesompel-oai.html these details] on the history of the Sante Fe Convention.

* '''November 1999'''. The entire 50 person editorial board of the ''Journal of Logic Programming'' resigned in order to launch ''Theory and Practice of Logic Programming''. ([http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/newsletter/05-11-01.htm FOSN for 5/11/01].) See [[Journal declarations of independence]].

* '''December 1999'''. The [http://www.aps.org/ American Physical Society], publisher of physics journals, launched its own [http://aps.arxiv.org/ mirror] of arXiv.